Definition and Examples of Abbreviations in English

An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase, such as Jan. for January. The abbreviated form of the word abbreviation is  abbr. — or, less commonly, abbrv. or abbrev. In American English, many abbreviations are followed by a period (Dr., Ms.). In contrast, British usage generally favors omitting the period (or full stop) in abbreviations that include the first and last letters of a single word (Dr, Ms). When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, a single period serves both to mark the abbreviation and to close the sentence. Linguist David Crystal notes that abbreviations are a major component of the English writing system, not a marginal feature. The largest dictionaries of abbreviations contain well over half a million entries, and their number is increasing all the time (Spell It Out, 2014). Here are some common examples of variousl types of abbreviations: AcronymBackronymCommonly Confused Latin Abbreviations in EnglishCommon Revision Symbols and AbbreviationsCommon Scholarly AbbreviationsE.g. and I.e.Etc. and Et al.InitialeseInitialismLogograph Etymology Abbreviation comes from the Latin word brevis meaning short. Examples and Observations In general, spell out the names of government bureaus and agencies, well-known organizations, companies, etc., on first reference. In later references, use short forms like the agency or the company when possible because handfuls of initials make for mottled typography and choppy prose.Abbreviations may be ironic, humorous, or whimsical: for example, the rail link between the town of Bedford and the London station of St. Pancras is locally known as the Bedpan Line; a comparable link for Boston, New York, and Washington is the Bosnywash circuit. Comments on life may be telescoped into such sardonic packages as: BOGSAT a Bunch Of Guys Sitting Around a Table (making decisions about other people); GOMER Get Out of My Emergency Room (said by physicians to hypochondriacs); MMMBA Miles and Miles of Bloody Africa (an in-group term among people who have to travel those miles); TGIF Thank God Its Friday (after a particularly hard working week).AbbrevesToday, the fave (for favorite’) abb reves are obvi (a shortening of Thank you, Captain Obvious’) and belig (a clipping of belligerent, retaining the soft g). Nobody in the young-barflies crowd orders the usual’; it’s the yoozh. My grandnephew Jesse concludes sentences with whatev, which is probs (for probably’) whatever. In this cacophony of abbreves, word endings are scattered all over the floor. Go fig.Tote-SpeakYou see it on Twitter a lot, people exclaiming about their  totes  delish spags  or their  totes  redic boyfs. Linguists Lauren Spradlin and Taylor Jones call this  practice totesing — the systematic abbreviation (abbreviash) of words to effect a certain tone.  The fad  might have started with totally becoming  totes,  but at this point, no entry in the English lexicon  is safe.Twitter SpeakThe following are some  real words  produced by real human beings on Twitter:Totes tradge  (tragic):  David Bowie dying is totes tradge.Bluebs  (blueberri es):  Bluebs in yog  are my favorite snack.Totes  emosh  (emotional): When Cookie hugged Jamal it made me  totes emosh.iPh  (iPhone): OMG I dropped my iPh!If you’re not a millennial — and even if you are — you might think totesing  is  atrosh  and  unprofesh.  But get used to it.  Though no one is quite sure where it came from, this way of  speaking has been around for well over a decade.LogogramsLogograms . . . play a part in the English writing system: these are cases where a word is not just shortened, but entirely replaced with a symbol. Examples include for at,  Ã‚ £ for pound, % for per cent, and for plus. The ampersand, , is one of the oldest. It is a collapsed version of the Latin word et, and: the bottom circle is whats left of the e, and the rising tail on the right is whats left of the t. Numerals are another kind that we read as 1, 2, 3, etc. as one, two, three... And it is part of the business of learning to read and wr ite to know when we should write words in their logographic form and when to spell them out. Sources A. Siegal,  The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, 1999 Tom McArthur,  The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992 William Safire, Abbreve  That Template.  The New York Times Magazine, May 21, 2009 Jeff Guo, The Totes  Amazesh  Way Millennials Are Changing the English Language.  The Washington Post, January 13, 2016 David Crystal,  Spell It Out. Picador, 2014

The Doctrine Of Unconscionability Contracts Essay

Introduction The doctrine of unconscionability deals with circumstances where contracts are knowingly being exploited by [the defendant] as one party [the plaintiff] is suffering from a ‘special disadvantage’ . This doctrine originated in the mid 19th century from ‘expected heirs’ who expected to inherit property, however before the property was inherited, the owner would sell the property to someone else, typically at a very low price. Thus, the doctrine of unconscionability originally addressed situations where the heir to a property could seek relief, if that property was sold on unconscionable grounds. The law on unconscionability is no longer this straight forward, and now begs the question of whether this doctrine has succeeded in promoting desirable social values or whether it has now brought too much uncertainty into the law of contract. Therefore, this essay will address substantive unconscionability through a broad perspective, addressing issues such as fe minism and economic based views. By addressing these issues, it will be established whether the doctrine of unconscionability is in fact too uncertain in contract law. Body Economic Approach The economic theory of contract is based off of rationality, whereby both parties who entered into the contract perceived themselves as benefiting from the contract. Thus it can be said that the doctrine of unconscionability is based from a utilitarian perspective, whereby the ‘enforcement [of interests in a contract]Show MoreRelatedIncreasing Prevalence Of Class Action Waivers1166 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst challenge towards them, as explained below, involved the California state contract law doctrine of unconscionability. 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App. 3d at 22 (finding no procedural or substantive unconscionability on a disclaimer of warranties on rocket materials). The procedural element focuses on â€Å"oppression† and â€Å"surprise†Ã¢â‚¬  while there is no precise definition of substantive unconscionability. Id. at 22-23. Oppression relates to unfairRead MoreProprietary Estoppel2557 Words   |  11 Pagesthe elements of as surance, reliance and detriment must be present in order to found a claim of proprietary estoppel . The doctrine has however been widely criticised for being too flexible and uncertain. The main cause of this uncertainty is the lack of clarity surrounding the role of unconscionability. 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The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 14 Free Essays

string(84) " had lied about these weak, older vampires, too, and we’d never had a chance\." â€Å"I heard someone get hurt – Kristie needs me more than Raoul,† he explained quickly. â€Å"Are you†¦ leaving us?† Riley’s face changed. It was like I could see his shifting tactics written on his features. We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 14 or any similar topic only for you Order Now His eyes widened, suddenly anxious. â€Å"I’m worried, Bree. I told you that she was going to meet us, to help us, but I haven’t crossed her trail. Something’s wrong. I need to find her.† â€Å"But there’s no way you can find her before Raoul gets to the yel ow-eyes,† I pointed out. â€Å"I have to find out what’s going on.† He sounded genuinely desperate. â€Å"I need her. I wasn’t supposed to do this alone!† â€Å"But the others†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Bree, I have to go find her! Now! There are enough of you to overwhelm the yel ow-eyes. I’l get back to you as soon as I can.† He sounded so sincere. I hesitated, glancing back the way we had come. Fred would be halfway to Vancouver by now. Riley hadn’t even asked about him. Maybe Fred’s talent was stil in effect. â€Å"Diego’s down there, Bree,† Riley said urgently. â€Å"He’l be part of the first attack. Didn’t you catch his scent back there? Did you not get close enough?† I shook my head, total y confused. â€Å"Diego was there?† â€Å"He’s with Raoul by now. If you hurry, you can help him get out alive.† We stared at each other for a long second, and then I looked south after Raoul’s path. â€Å"Good girl,† Riley said. â€Å"I’l go find her and we’l be back to help clean up. You guys have got this! It might be over by the time you get there!† He took off in a direction perpendicular to our original path. I clenched my teeth at how sure he seemed of his way. Lying to the end. But it didn’t feel like I had a choice. I headed south in a flatout sprint again. I had to go get Diego. Drag him away if it came to that. We could catch up with Fred. Or take off on our own. We needed to run. I would tel Diego how Riley had lied. He would see that Riley had no intention of helping us fight the battle he’d set up. There was no reason to help him anymore. I found the human’s scent and then Raoul’s. I didn’t catch Diego’s. Was I going too fast? Or was the human’s scent just overpowering me? Half my head was absorbed in this strangely counterproductive hunt – sure, we would find the girl, but would we be ready to fight together when we did? No, we’d be clawing each other apart to get to her. And then I heard the snarling and screaming and screeching explode from ahead and I knew the fight was happening and I was too late to beat Diego there. I only ran faster. Maybe I could stil save him. I smel ed the smoke – the sweet, thick scent of vampires burning – carried back to me on the wind. The sound of mayhem was louder. Maybe it was almost done. Would I find our coven victorious and Diego waiting? I dashed through a heavy fringe of smoke and found myself out of the forest in a huge grassy field. I leaped over a rock, only to realize in the instant I flew past it that it was a headless torso. My eyes raked the field. There were pieces of vampires everywhere, and a huge bonfire smoking purple into the sunny sky. Out from under the bil owing haze, I could see dazzling, glittering bodies darting and grappling as the sounds of vampires being torn apart went on and on. I looked for one thing: Diego’s curly black hair. No one I could see had hair so dark. There was one huge vampire with brown hair that was almost black, but he was too big, and as I focused I watched him tear Kevin’s head off and pitch it into the fire before leaping on someone else’s back. Was that Jen? There was another with straight black hair that was too smal to be Diego. That one was moving so fast I couldn’t tel if it was a boy or a girl. I scanned quickly again, feeling horribly exposed. I took in the faces. There weren’t nearly enough vampires here, even counting those that were down. I didn’t see any of Kristie’s group. There must have been a lot of vampires burned already. Most of the vampires stil standing were strangers. A blond vampire glanced at me, meeting my gaze, and his eyes flashed gold in the sunlight. We were losing. Bad. I started backing toward the trees, not moving fast enough because I was stil looking for Diego. He wasn’t here. There was no sign he had ever been here. No trace of his scent, though I could distinguish the smel s of most of Raoul’s team and many strangers. I had made myself look at the pieces, too. None of them belonged to Diego. I would have recognized even a finger. I turned and real y ran for the trees, suddenly positive that Diego’s presence here was just another of Riley’s lies. And if Diego wasn’t here, then he was already dead. This fel into place for me so easily that I thought I must have known the truth for a while. Since the moment that Diego had not fol owed Riley through the basement door. He’d already been gone. I was a few feet into the trees when a force like a wrecking bal hit me from behind and threw me to the ground. An arm slipped under my chin. â€Å"Please!† I sobbed. And I meant please kill me fast. The arm hesitated. I didn’t fight back, though my instincts were urging me to bite and claw and rip the enemy apart. The saner part of me knew that wasn’t going to work. Riley had lied about these weak, older vampires, too, and we’d never had a chance. You read "The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 14" in category "Essay examples" But even if I’d had a way to beat this one, I wouldn’t have been able to move. Diego was gone, and that glaring fact kil ed the fight in me. Suddenly I was airborne. I crashed into a tree and crumpled to the ground. I should have tried to run, but Diego was dead. I couldn’t get around that. The blond vampire from the clearing was staring intently at me, his body ready to spring. He looked very capable, much more experienced than Riley. But he wasn’t lunging at me. He wasn’t crazed like Raoul or Kristie. He was total y in control. â€Å"Please,† I said again, wanting him to get this over with. â€Å"I don’t want to fight.† Though he stil held himself ready, his face changed. He looked at me in a way I didn’t total y get. There was a lot of knowledge in that face, and something else. Empathy? Pity, at least. â€Å"Neither do I, child,† he said in a calm, kind voice. â€Å"We are only defending ourselves.† There was such honesty in his odd yel ow eyes that it made me wonder how I had ever believed any of Riley’s stories. I felt†¦ guilty. Maybe this coven had never planned to attack us in Seattle. How could I trust any part of what I’d been told? â€Å"We didn’t know,† I explained, somehow ashamed. â€Å"Riley lied. I’m sorry.† He listened for a moment, and I realized that the battlefield was quiet. It was over. If I’d been in any doubt over who the winner was, that doubt was gone when, a second later, a female vampire with wavy brown hair and yel ow eyes hurried to his side. â€Å"Carlisle?† she asked in a confused voice, staring at me. â€Å"She doesn’t want to fight,† he told her. The woman touched his arm. He was stil tensed to spring. â€Å"She’s so frightened, Carlisle. Couldn’t we†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The blond, Carlisle, glanced back at her, and then he straightened up a little, though I could see he was stil wary. â€Å"We have no wish to harm you,† the woman said to me. She had a soft, soothing voice. â€Å"We didn’t want to fight any of you.† â€Å"I’m sorry,† I whispered again. I couldn’t make sense of the mess in my head. Diego was dead, and that was the main thing, the devastating thing. Other than that, the fight was over, my coven had lost and my enemies had won. But my dead coven was ful of people who would have loved to watch me burn, and my enemies were speaking to me kindly when they had no reason to. Moreover, I felt safer with these two strangers than I’d ever felt with Raoul and Kristie. I was relieved that Raoul and Kristie were dead. It was so confusing. â€Å"Child,† Carlisle said, â€Å"wil you surrender to us? If you do not try to harm us, we promise we wil not harm you.† And I believed him. â€Å"Yes,† I whispered. â€Å"Yes, I surrender. I don’t want to hurt anybody.† He held out his hand encouragingly. â€Å"Come, child. Let our family regroup for a moment, then we’l have some questions for you. If you answer honestly, you have nothing to fear.† I got up slowly, making no movements that could be considered threatening. â€Å"Carlisle?† a male voice cal ed. And then another yel ow-eyed vampire joined us. Any sort of safety I’d felt with these strangers vanished as soon as I saw him. He was blond, like the first, but tal er and leaner. His skin was absolutely covered in scars, spaced most thickly together on his neck and jaw. A few smal marks on his arm were fresh, but the rest were not from the brawl today. He had been in more fights than I could have imagined, and he’d never lost. His tawny eyes blazed and his stance exuded the barely contained violence of an angry lion. As soon as he saw me he coiled to spring. â€Å"Jasper!† Carlisle warned. Jasper pul ed up short and stared at Carlisle with wide eyes. â€Å"What’s going on?† â€Å"She doesn’t want to fight. She’s surrendered.† The scarred vampire’s brow clouded, and suddenly I felt an unexpected surge of frustration, though I had no idea what I was frustrated with. â€Å"Carlisle, I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He hesitated, then continued, â€Å"I’m sorry, but that’s not possible. We can’t have any of these newborns associated with us when the Volturi come. Do you realize the danger that would put us in?† I didn’t understand exactly what he was saying, but I got enough. He wanted to kil me. â€Å"Jasper, she’s only a child,† the woman protested. â€Å"We can’t just murder her in cold blood!† It was strange to hear her speak like we both were people, like murder was a bad thing. An avoidable thing. â€Å"It’s our family on the line here, Esme. We can’t afford to have them think we broke this rule.† The woman, Esme, walked between me and the one who wanted to kil me. Incomprehensibly, she turned her back to me. â€Å"No. I won’t stand for it.† Carlisle shot me an anxious glance. I could see that he cared a lot for this woman. I would have looked the same way at anyone behind Diego’s back. I tried to appear as docile as I felt. â€Å"Jasper, I think we have to take the chance,† he said slowly. â€Å"We are not the Volturi. We fol ow their rules, but we do not take lives lightly. We wil explain.† â€Å"They might think we created our own newborns in defense.† â€Å"But we didn’t. And even had we, there was no indiscretion here, only in Seattle. There is no law against creating vampires if you control them.† â€Å"This is too dangerous.† Carlisle touched Jasper’s shoulder tentatively. â€Å"Jasper. We cannot kil this child.† Jasper glowered at the man with the kind eyes, and I was suddenly angry. Surely he wouldn’t hurt this gentle vampire or the woman he loved. Then Jasper sighed, and I knew it was okay. My anger evaporated. â€Å"I don’t like this,† he said, but he was calmer. â€Å"At least let me take charge of her. You two don’t know how to deal with someone who’s been running wild so long.† â€Å"Of course, Jasper,† the woman said. â€Å"But be kind.† Jasper rol ed his eyes. â€Å"We need to be with the others. Alice said we don’t have long.† Carlisle nodded. He held his hand out to Esme, and they headed past Jasper back toward the open field. â€Å"You there,† Jasper said to me, his face a glower again. How to cite The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 14, Essay examples

The Contrast and Comparison Between the Ancient Greeks and Romans Essay Sample free essay sample

The ancient Greeks and Roman civilisations both began their histories with the outgrowth of metropolis provinces. Both of these civilisations made parts to the Middle East. The Greeks had made a wild spread of finds on several Fieldss. This included uranology by Ptolemy. geometry by Euclid. and the doctrine of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius of his Stoic doctrine. Because the Greeks were widely known as a originative and esteemed race. the Romans were influenced by the Iliad ( Homer’s legendary verse form ) that their spiritual beliefs were similar. Roman. on the other manus. act upon how other imperiums would be shaped in Middle East for centuries. Indeed. the Roman Empire formed a centralised province with a set of jurisprudence. and a powerful leader on the top that was supported by military ground forcess. Roman besides contributes to the developments of jurisprudence ; for illustration. The Law of the Twelve Tables which created during the battle of the orders ( 494~287 BC ) . Although both of them were Mediterranean counties. their geographic locations were someway different from each other. On one manus. the Greeks’ metropolis provinces separate by hilly state sides. so their boundary lines were someway protected. On the other manus for the Romans. their locations were largely inland and were surrounded by mountains. north Alps and east by Apennine. For some ground. most of civilisations located near H2O. Greeks and Romans shared this common feature. The Alexander’s imperium expanded Greeks’ district and has contact with the Mediterranean Sea. Black Sea. Caspian Sea. and Arabian Sea. Because of the inland location of Rome. the H2O systems they based on were rivers every bit good as seas. chiefly the Tiber River and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Therefore. Rome was exposed to migrations and invasions. Ancient Greece had no cardinal authorization at the clip of the single self-governed metropolis provinces. As a consequence. wars and conflicts sometimes were fought among the metropolis provinces. For illustration. the Peloponnesian War ( 431BC~ 404BC ) is a war between Sparta and Athens along with their Alliess. It was fought by ground forces Hoplites ( Sparta ) and navy ( Athens ) which caused by the fright of Athenian’s imperial aspiration. Rome. by contrast. became the cardinal authorization of the Roman Empire. During 500 BC. Rome expanded its district slow and steadily and take to the Punic war with Carthage from 264BC to 146BC. By the clip of Caesar’s decease ( 44BC ) . Rome conquered districts throughout the Mediterranean Sea from the West seashore to the east seashore. Significantly. Greek had a period clip similar to Caesar’s conquest. It was the terminal of the fourth Century BC. under the leading of Alexander the Great Greek had conquered districts i nclude Persia. India. Egypt and made the Greet civilisation the common civilization of the Mediterranean and the Near Eastern World. The societal construction in Rome was viewed as hierarchal with slaves at the underside and freedwomans above them. Freedmans were divided by category among the patricians which was the one per centum of the population who control the authorities and held most of the wealth. And the plebian were a lower category of those patricians which conducted the remainder of the population and they were chiefly hapless. On the contrary. free. land-owning and native-born work forces could be the citizen of the metropolis province. Apparently. it was different from the Rome that societal prominence in Greek did non let any particular rights. In Rome. the Italians gained their rights during the civil war. After the civil war the hapless had representatives. the Tribunes in 367BC. in the authorities which spoke for their equalities. Both Roman and Greek economic systems based on agribusiness during the early ages of developments. Because of increasing population. the Grecian metropolis provinces were stretching frontward to seek for new land to settle. Obviously. there were more contacts to other civilizations because of colonisation which lead to incessant warfare in the fourth century. The society suffered every bit good. In fact. metropolis provinces exhausted their resources throughout the wars. As a consequence. people fall to slaves. unemployment and poorness arose with the growing of population. Nonetheless. rising prices took topographic point and so the criterion of life of the Greeks declined. Compare to the Late Republic of Rome ( around 200~31BC ) . the conquering of Greece and Asia Minor created huge new wealth which poured into Rome. It made the issue of inequalities among the society more terrible. Thus. little husbandmans left the land. Because the lands were largely held by blue bloods that little husbandmans couldn’t compete with the latifundia that worked by packs of slaves. However. Roman remained basically agricultural and noncommercialized until the mid-third century BC. Later on in the century. the conquerings of the east brought Roman the sophisticated commercial economic system system of the Hellenistic universe. The equestrians. a merchandise of the economic transmutation. provided the Romans immense net incomes while merchandising as a foreign luxury good. They started to construct roads that played an indispensable function for trading. The conquering of land by Alexander and Trajan non merely produced immense Numberss of slaves but besides stimulated the economic systems. One of the grounds was that the stretch of the districts provided more paths and handinesss. For the Greeks. it resulted circulation caches of gold and Ag. jewellery that acquired through loot. Industries in Greek besides benefited every bit good because fabrication was encouraged by bossy swayers as a agency of increasing their grosss and net incomes through trades that there were more opened markets. For the political relations for these two civilisations. they have similarities. Both of them relied to a great extent on military. As Alexander conquerings. he established metropoliss at cardinal location. Alexandria. which drew thousand of migrators into the cities’ elites. Although Alexander tried to accommodate Persian’s political construction to stabilise and consolidate his conquered districts. his ground forces resisted. As a consequence. Alexander’s generals created a figure of lands. run by Greek disposals which male monarchs were worship as Gods and was extremely relied on military. For Rome. the government’s existent power were held by the senate with two advocates. but the wealth of the imperium intensified the inequalities of wealth and power which led to the civil war that started at 133BC and lasted about a hundred old ages. The causes of the civil war were the devastation of farm lands. landless veterans and chiefly the passage jobs that pe ople were to a great extent taxed. The war was fought between the Optimates and the Populares. The Populares were the people who wanted equalities ; they wanted reform and addition aid from the provinces. The other side. Optimates were the people who were traditional who refused alteration and were reasonably affluent. Augustus ( Octavian- 63BC~16AD ) ended the civil war by winning the Actium conflict in 31 BC that he brought peace to Roman. Much of Roman faith was to a great extent influenced by Greek and Etruscan. The Gods worship by Greeks was the same as the 1s worship by Rome. merely by different names. Both of these civilisations worship multiple Gods. They believed that the Gods someway controlled their lives. If something unflavored for the Gods happened. they believe that they will be punished in some ways or their enemies would hold a better state of affairs than them. Roman and Greek both intend to maintain their Gods happy. As a consequence. their reinforced temples. statues and great memorials for Gods every bit good as doing regular forfeits. Even when Christianity emerged during the first century among the Jews. Romans started to go Christians every bit good. For the historical forms of these two civilisations. the Romans are more admirable than the Greeks. Obviously. the Grecian emerged from single metropolis provinces. and this permitted the edifice of an imperium because there were different faiths and civilizations. As we have seem from the Greek’s history. Athenians were on their manner widening districts. but they failed because of their aspiration in the Peloponnesian Wars. Furthermore. the metropolis provinces were excessively competitory that none of them accepted one another. However. the Romans brought other communities under their control such as the Italian peninsula. They conquered in the first topographic point but so extended its citizenship to those of the conquered people. The Roman Empire lasted longer than the Greeks chiefly because their organized political accomplishments which maintained their control over those conquered people. Several parts had impacts on Western Europe. For illustration the official linguistic communication was Greek in the Hellenic Republic. As an Indo-germanic linguistic communication. it lasted from the Linear B from Mycenaean Greek and had a great influence throughout the household of Western European linguistic communications. What is more. the Roman roads which formed a footing for transit every bit good as communicating web in Western Europe. The Roman civilization did non act upon other states. but in a manner they have assorted several faiths and it was the cardinal civilization base in Western Europe. Most significantly. the Roman alphabet ( Latin Alphabet ) became a common authorship system were loosely used in Western Europe every bit good as the remainder of the universe in modern yearss.